To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) and 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild water deficit stress condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) and moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) and application of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

To investigate the effects of water deficit stress and bio and non-bio fertilizers on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included water tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor and bio and non - bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches yield, a, b, and total chlorophylls and nitrogen and phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b and chlorophylls and nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total chlorophyll, phosphorus element, carotenoids and flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches yield were observed in NPK treatment (B5) and control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin

In the present study, the effect of swim stress on morphine-induced tolerance was investigated in mice using formalin test. In this respect, intraperitoneal administration of different doses of morphine (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent antinociception in both acute and chronic phases of the formalin test. In addition, an exposure to swim stress 2 or 3 times for 3 consecutive days was performed in order to induce tolerance. This exercise decreased morphine-induced antinociception. Meanwhile, morphine administration (25 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim stress (for two to three times) potentiated tolerance induced by morphine in both phases of the formalin test. Administration of a higher dose of morphine (50 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim stress did not alter morphine-induced tolerance in both phases of the test. On the other hand, administration of the latter dose of morphine for 3 days in the absence of swim stress decreased morphine-induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. It can be concluded that there may be a cross interaction between morphineinduced antinociception and swim stress.

water water deficit especially after heading is one of the most effective factors of wheat yield loss in Iran and across the world and identifying the physiological traits related to plant resilience is of great importance in screening for tolerant varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in stem reserves accumulation capacity and its relationship with remobilization in some wheat cultivars. 22 wheat cultivars were cultivated in a split plot design with three replications, full irrigation and 40% of field capacity being main plots. The amount of accumulation and remobilization was estimated by measuring internodes weight and stem soluble carbohydrates content (WSC). Significant genotypic variation among cultivars was observed under both normal and drought conditions. Maximum accumulation was found in lower internodes followed by peduncle and penultimate using dry weight measurement method. In WSC measurement method, however, maximum accumulation was observed in penultimate followed by lower internodes and peduncle. Cultivars ranking based on accumulation was also different in two methods. Drought stress caused decline in internodes weight, WSC and yield and remobilization efficiency. The specific stem weight had the highest correlation with remobilization. Significant correlation was found between grain yield and remobilization, specific stem weight and WSC.

The relationship between canopy temperature and soil moisture is particularly important because of using canopy temperature as an indicator of crop water stress. A field experiment was conducted to calculate crop water stress index (CWSI) of two canola cultivars including RGS and Sarigol at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Iran during 2013-2014 growing season. Irrigation regimes consisted of well watered [Irrigation equal to 100% field capacity (FC)], light drought (75% FC), moderate drought (50% FC), and severe drought (25% FC) stresses which were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In RGS and Sarigol, CWSI values showed an increasing trend from March (0. 066 and 0. 093 in well watered) to June (0. 711 and 0. 821 in severe drought) respectively, as a result of higher vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and increase in canopy-air temperature differences (Tc-Ta). In both cultivars, when the air temperature increased from March to June, Tc-Ta increased. The highest monthly average value of CWSI for all treatments was obtained in June. By increasing the drought stress, the color grading score decreased from 6 to 2 sharply in May and June. An acceptable color quality (6-5) was sustained in May, under light drought condition. Also, a negative relationship was observed between CWSI with color quality (R2=0. 94**) and grain yield (R2=0. 97**). It could be concluded that in semi-arid areas, light drought is the best option for canola production while mean seasonal CWSI being ranged about 0. 198 to 0. 294 without any loss in visual color quality of canola.

The aim of this study was to assess the crop water stress index (CWSI), derived from leaf temperature using infrared thermometer measurements, to investigate the water stress status and irrigation timing of olive trees. Fpr this purpose a regression function was determined between crop water stress index and relative water content of leaf (RWC) and soil water content (SWC). The experimental treatments involved two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and T2) and four water regimes (irrigation of 100, 85, 70 and 55% of crop water requirement). The results showed that the non-water stressed baseline is varied throughout the study period as well as during the day. The daily variations of non-water stressed baseline were mainly due to variations in the intercept of the non-water stressed baseline that can be explained by variations in zenith solar angle. After investigating the relationship between vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and the difference between crop and air temperature (𝑇 𝑐 − 𝑇 𝑎 ), the equation of Tc-Ta =-0. 45 VPD+1. 06, r2 = 0. 99 was determined for the non-water stressed baseline of the olive trees at 12: 30 pm. Crop water stress index of olive trees increased significantly in deficit irrigation regims compared with control trees. crop water stress index was significantly correlated with relative water content (Kroneiki: r2=0. 82**, T2: r2=0. 80**) and soil water content (Kroneiki: r2=0. 66**, 𝑇 2: r2=0. 69**). Therefore, the crop water stress index is a good indicator of the water stress status of the Koroneiki and T2 olive trees.

To study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) and sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) and seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods and Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative water content, yield and its components and potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ content and remobilization of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan and Inia-66, had the highest level of relative water content, remobilization of soluble carbohydrates and number of grains per spike. In addition, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentration and K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods and Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentration in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the traits that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigations.

Introduction The land of Iran is located in a belt of dry and desert areas of the earth, which suffers the most unfavorable effects from climate change. Climate change is evident in the Zayandehrud basin, and its effects are evident in the decrease of rainfall and increase in temperature in recent years, as well as the continuation of droughts in the Zayandehrud watershed. With the reduction of river water flow, the allocation of water to the agricultural and environmental sectors in the middle and downstream parts has faced a problem. The need for water in this basin is high, so that during these years, the effort to obtain water in the Zayandehrud basin has entered a new arena in the form of tension, conflict, protests, and social unrest. One of the most important consequences of climate change is that it forces governments to plan inter-basin transfers. As a result of the water transfer policies without taking into account the religious rights and the environmental rights of the Zayandehrud bed and the Gavkhoni wetland, many social differences between the provinces have intensified.                                                                                                   Methodology In terms of its purpose, the current research is an applied research that considering the historical, geographical, economic and political importance of the area, identifies the dimensions and effects of climate change in the Zayandehrud watershed and explains how climate change can increase crisis and tension in the watershed. This can be a useful guide for planners and decision makers in the field. In terms of method and nature, this research is descriptive-analytic, and the method of data gathering procedure is based on library sources, including books, magazines, and databases.                               Research findings The turning of snow into rain at the source of the Zayandehrud and the increase in evaporation has led to the reduction of lands in the downstream part of the river, so that the area of "agricultural" and "pasture" lands has decreased in the middle and downstream parts. The number of wells has increased dramatically in recent years. The number of wells in the middle and downstream parts has increased significantly in this period, the average depth of the wells in the basin has increased by 4.8 meters, which is 6.65 meters in the upstream part, 5.55 meters in the middle part, and 28.28 meters in the downstream part. An average of 6 meters has been added to the depth of the wells. The increase in inter-provincial tensions, of which prominent examples were observed between Khuzestan, Isfahan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari provinces in recent years, is one of the most important political consequences of climate change, which forces governments to plan inter-basin transfers. Isfahan farmers are the most important group protesting the critical water situation in this basin. One of the most important concerns of the people of the region and the most important cause of strikes and conflicts in recent years is the reduction of water resources and the reduction of agricultural activity. In recent years, the farmers of the region have expressed their protests in various ways, such as breaking and breaking water pipes, strikes, demonstrations and blocking the road with tractors, referring to the province and other ways. Public tension and protests regarding water supply and optimal water management for the residents of Zayandehrud Basin are not limited to the residents and beneficiaries of Zayandehrud watershed. Hydro-political issues of the Behesht Abad water transfer project in the upper part of the Karun Basin, which has been the cause of local, regional and even national disputes between people and officials at the source and destination. This has caused social and political differences between the residents and beneficiaries of the upstream watersheds and the mentioned watersheds, and due to the ethnic differences of the watersheds, this issue has turned into an internal hydro-political crisis that has created gaps between ethnic groups. Climate change has hit the agriculture sector the most. Also, the first procedural consequence is the increase in the amount of unemployment and the immigration crisis. Immigration has led to the dispersal of kinship relations and the loss of solidarity, ethnic cohesion, and the increase of individualism and isolation, and as a result marginalization and drug addiction. The drying of Zayandehroud riverbed due to climate change has caused numerous cracks and subsidence in different areas of the watershed in Isfahan province. The depth of these cracks is very deep and in some cases they have a depth of more than 10 meters. Cracks have caused serious damages to roads and agricultural land.                                  Conclusions Climate change in the Zayandehrud basin is one of the factors that threaten the water resources in the basin. The climate change and decrease in rainfall and the expansion of agriculture and water-bearing industries has led to the destruction of nature and the geographical space and the lowering of the underground water level and even the transformation of permanent rivers into seasonal and seasonal into casual and dry rivers, and to compensate for this situation, the water transfer policy. This approach has caused political and security tensions in this region. Among the hydro-political issues of the water transfer projects in the mentioned catchment basin and its negative social-political consequences can be the intensification of local and regional conflicts and divergences, jeopardizing local and regional security, political activism of people and officials, ethnic diversity and political and regional sensitivities. One of the factors that play a basic role in creating negative political activism caused by water transfer is the strengthening of political regionalism, which itself is caused by weak management policies. This leads to the formulation of "negative hydro-politics" on a national and regional scale, and in turn has negative effects on local, regional and even national security issues.

In order to identify sensitivity of different potato genotypes to water stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2014 and 2015. Potato genotypes at eleven levels (Agria, Caesar, Savalan, Sante, Marfona, Milva, Picasso, Hermes, Jelli, 397081-1, 397069-2) and deficit stress in two levels (stress and control) are considered. Tape irrigation was done normally and in the early stages of tuber production, watering for stress plots was disconnected and control plots were irrigated in a normal way, after reaching to ninety percent of the soil moisture deficit, irrigation was done again until the soil moisture reached field capacity and irrigation was done normally up to the end of growing season. Combined analysis of data for two years showed a reduction of biological yield, healthy tuber fresh weight, marketable healthy tuber fresh weight, LAIM, dry weight of LAIM, evapotranspiration and water usage in genotypes under the stress compared to the control. WP based on fresh weight of healty tubers and fresh weight of marketable healty tubers reduced or showed a tendency to reduction in most of genotypes under the stress. WUE based on the healty tuber yield and marketable healty tuber yield decreased under the water stress compared to the control in all genotypes except for 397069-2. The most amount of WP based on fresh weight of the marketable healty yield was observed in 397069-2, respectively (5.41) and (5) kg/m3 in two years under the stress. Based on results of this experiment, doing of additional researches in order to achieve suitable potato genotypes for planting in actual deficit water conditions of our country according to diversity of planting season, place, climate, quality of seed potato, experts and etc are recommended.